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The paper explores the influence of crime gun prevalence on the risk of homicide. Reliance on measures of crime guns is a unique contribution of this paper that focuses the analysis, for the first time on the subset of guns most l...
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The paper explores the influence of crime gun prevalence on the risk of homicide. Reliance on measures of crime guns is a unique contribution of this paper that focuses the analysis, for the first time on the subset of guns most likely to be used in violent streetcrimes rather than the general prevalence of guns in a community. The number of guns reported stolen, and the number of 911 calls reporting shots fired incidents, measure variations in the prevalence of crime guns. Strong neighborhood variations in both the prevalence of crime guns and the levels of homicide are evident, with higher homicide rates in the same areas as higher levels of crime gun incidents. This cross-sectional relationship, however, may reflect general neighborhood differences in the propensity to violence and not necessarily any causal link between crime gun prevalence and homicides. Going beyond a simple cross-sectional relationship, the present analysis relies on a hazard model to estimate changes in the homicide risks in different neighborhoods as levels of crime gun prevalence change.Finding evidence or a temporal relationship as the two variables change in value is a much stronger test of a direct link between greater access to crime guns and an increased risk of homicide. The influence of crime guns in raising the homicide risk is restricted to selected types of homicides, specifically homicides by gun, those involving youth (ages 12 to 24), and gang motivated homicides. No similar effect is found for other types of homicides, a result that is compatible with the general nature of homicides between family members and acquaintances where the general prevalence of legal guns in households is likely to have greater influence.
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Human milk is the ideal food for most infants. Breastfeeding benefits infants and their mothers. Breastfed infants receive antibodies from breast milk, which protect against infection in the early postpartum period, and breastfeed...
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Human milk is the ideal food for most infants. Breastfeeding benefits infants and their mothers. Breastfed infants receive antibodies from breast milk, which protect against infection in the early postpartum period, and breastfeeding is less expensive than formula feeding. This report summarizes information on breastfeeding rates in the United States based on data from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Results are reported for the total U.S. population and three race-ethnicity groups by birth year cohort.
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Homicide rates in the United States began increasing sharply in the late 1980s and reached near record levels by the early 1990s. Though homicide rates have decreased from these high levels during the last few years, explanation o...
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Homicide rates in the United States began increasing sharply in the late 1980s and reached near record levels by the early 1990s. Though homicide rates have decreased from these high levels during the last few years, explanation of this phenomenon still remains a key challenge to crime control efforts. Recent homicide trends have been driven largely by trends in gun homicides. Gun availability, particularly among inner city young males, has therefore been imblicated as one explanatory factor. Another hypothesis is that changes in the lethality of the criminal gun arsenal played a role in driving up homicide rates. Social scientists have rarely examined consequences stemming from thie availability and use of differentially lethal guns, despite empirical and theoretical grounds for believing that some guns are more lethal than others. However, a number of recent studies have linked increases in homicides to the growing use of semiautomatic and/or high-powered firearms by criminals. These studies imply that gun violence is becoming more deadly due to the substitution of more lethal firearms for less lethal firearms.
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Monitoring the Future (MTF) is an investigator-initiated study that originated with and is conducted by a team of research professors at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. Since its onset in 1975, it has be...
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Monitoring the Future (MTF) is an investigator-initiated study that originated with and is conducted by a team of research professors at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. Since its onset in 1975, it has been continuously funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuseone of the National Institutes of Healthunder a series of peer-reviewed, competitive research grants. The 2012 survey, reported here, is the 38th consecutive survey. MTF contains ongoing series of national surveys of both American adolescents and adults. It has provided the nation with a vital window into the important but largely hidden problem behaviors of illegal drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, anabolic steroid use, and psychotherapeutic drug use. For nearly four decades it has provided a clearer view of the changing topography of these problems among adolescents and adults, a better understanding of the dynamics of factors that drive some of these problems, and a better understanding of some of their consequences. It has also given policymakers and nongovernmental organizations in the field some practical approaches for intervening. A widespread epidemic of illicit drug use emerged in the 1960s among American youth, and since then dramatic changes have occurred in the use of nearly all drugs involved, as well as alcohol and tobacco. Of particular importance, as discussed in detail below, many new illicit drugs have emerged, along with some new forms of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Among the newly abused substances are some new classes of drugs, including over-the-counter medications, drugs taken for strength enhancement, new forms of tobacco, and a number of socalled club drugs. More recently synthetic drugs, including synthetic marijuana and bath salts, which were developed to sidestep restrictions of the Drug Enforcement Administration, have been added to MTF coverage. Unfortunately, while many new substances have been added to the list, very few have been removed because they have remained popular. Throughout these many changes, substance use among the nations youth has remained a major concern for parents, teachers, youth workers, health professionals, law enforcement, and policymakers, largely because substance use is one of the greatest and yet most preventable causes of morbidity and mortality both during and after adolescence. This annual monograph series has been the primary vehicle for disseminating MTFs epidemiological findings. The latest two-volume monograph presents the results of the 38th survey of drug use and related attitudes and beliefs among American high school seniors, the 33rd such survey of American college students, and the 22nd such survey of 8th- and 10th-grade students. Importantly, results are also reported for high school graduates followed in a series of panel studies through age 50.
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The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study involves an ongoing series of national surveys of American adolescents and adults that has provided the nation with a vital window into the important but largely hidden problem behaviors of il...
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The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study involves an ongoing series of national surveys of American adolescents and adults that has provided the nation with a vital window into the important but largely hidden problem behaviors of illegal drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, anabolic steroid use, and psychotherapeutic drug use. For more than a third of a century, MTF has provided a clearer view of the changing topography of these problems among adolescents and adults, a better understanding of the dynamics of factors that drive some of these problems, and a better understanding of some of their consequences. It has also given policymakers and nongovernmental organizations in the field some practical approaches for intervening. MTF is an investigator-initiated study that originated with and is conducted by a team of research scientists at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. It has been continuously funded since its onset in 1975 by the National Institute on Drug Abuseone of the National Institutes of Healthunder a series of peer-reviewed, competitive research grants. The 2011 survey, reported here, is the 37th in the series.
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Monitoring the Future (MTF), which is now in its 36th year, is a research program conducted at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research under a series of investigator-initiated research grants from the National In...
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Monitoring the Future (MTF), which is now in its 36th year, is a research program conducted at the University of Michigans Institute for Social Research under a series of investigator-initiated research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The study is comprised of several ongoing series of annual surveys of nationally representative samples of 8th- and 10th-grade students (begun in 1991), 12th-grade students (begun in 1975), and high school graduates into adulthood (begun in 1976). The current monograph reports the results of the repeated crosssectional surveys of high school graduates since 1976 as we follow them into their adult years.
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The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study is an ongoing series of national surveys of American adolescents and adults that has provided the nation with a vital window into the important, but largely hidden, problem behaviors of illega...
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The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study is an ongoing series of national surveys of American adolescents and adults that has provided the nation with a vital window into the important, but largely hidden, problem behaviors of illegal drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, anabolic steroid use, and psychotherapeutic drug use. For more than a third of a century, MTF has provided a clearer view of the changing topography of these problems among adolescents and adults, a better understanding of the dynamics of factors that drive some of these problems, and a better understanding of some of their consequences. It has also given policymakers and nongovernmental organizations in the field some practical approaches for intervening. MTF is an investigator-initiated study that originated with, and is conducted by, a team of research scientists at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. It has been continuously funded since its onset in 1975 by the National Institute on Drug Abuse-one of the National Institutes of Health-under a series of peer-reviewed, competitive research grants. The 2009 survey, reported here, is the 35th in the series. This annual monograph series has been the primary vehicle for disseminating MTF's epidemiological findings. This latest two-volume monograph presents the results of the 35th survey of drug use and related attitudes and beliefs among American high school seniors, the 30th such survey of American college students, and the 19th such survey of 8th- and 10th-grade students. Results are also reported for high school graduates followed in a series of panel studies through age 50.
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Now in its 35th year, Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long-term program of research conducted at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research under a series of investigator initiated research grants from the Nationa...
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Now in its 35th year, Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long-term program of research conducted at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research under a series of investigator initiated research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The study is comprised of several ongoing series of annual surveys of nationally representative samples of 8th- and 10thgrade students (begun in 1991), 12th-grade students (begun in 1975), and high school graduates into adulthood (begun in 1976). The current monograph reports the results of the repeated cross sectional surveys since 1976 following graduating high school seniors into their adult years. Several segments of the general adult population are covered in these follow-up surveys: American college students; Their age peers who are not attending college, sometimes called the 'forgotten half'; All young adult high school graduates of modal ages 19 to 30, which we refer to as the 'young adult' sample; High school graduates at the specific modal ages of 35, 40, 45, and 50 Changes in substance abuse and related attitudes and beliefs within each of these various age strata will receive particular emphasis.
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Analytic guidelines were first created in 1996 to assist data users in analyzing data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994 by the Centers for Disease Control and...
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Analytic guidelines were first created in 1996 to assist data users in analyzing data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994 by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES became a continuous annual survey in 1999, with data released to the public in 2-year intervals. In 2002, 2004, and 2006, guidelines were created and posted on the NHANES website to assist analysts in understanding the key issues related to analyzing data from 1999 onward. This report builds on these previous guidelines and provides the first comprehensive summary of analytic guidelines for the 19992010 NHANES data.
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The Surveillance Research Program (SRP) is dedicated to providing a quantitative portrait of cancer in diverse regions and populations in the United States. To accomplish this, SRP measures cancer survival, prevalence, and death r...
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The Surveillance Research Program (SRP) is dedicated to providing a quantitative portrait of cancer in diverse regions and populations in the United States. To accomplish this, SRP measures cancer survival, prevalence, and death rates; analyzes, interprets, and monitors cancer trends, and disseminates population-based information to those interested in cancer prevention and control.
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